Origins and Early History
The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, established through the Treaty of Windsor in 1386, is the oldest alliance in the world that is still in existence. Spanning over six centuries, this alliance has weathered countless historical events, wars, and political shifts, demonstrating a remarkable resilience and mutual respect between the two nations.
This treaty was a formalization of the close ties that had been developing between the two nations, rooted in mutual benefits and shared interests. It followed the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, where the Portuguese, with significant English support, defeated the Spanish forces, solidifying Portugal’s independence.
Origins and Early History
The seeds of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance were sown during the 12th century, as Portugal sought support in its fight for independence from the Moors. The formal alliance was cemented in 1373 through the Treaty of Tagilde and later strengthened by the Treaty of Windsor in 1386, which was signed between King John I of Portugal and King Richard II of England. This treaty ensured mutual military support and paved the way for a lasting relationship grounded in shared interests and common foes.
Key Moments in the Alliance
The alliance was tested and proved its strength through various historical events. During the Hundred Years’ War, English archers and Portuguese soldiers fought side by side against common enemies. The alliance was further solidified in the 14th century when Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, married King John I of Portugal, creating strong familial bonds.
In the late 16th century, the alliance was revived when the Spanish Armada threatened both England and Portugal. Although Spain had annexed Portugal, the English supported Portuguese efforts to reclaim their sovereignty. The alliance once again showcased its strategic importance during the Napoleonic Wars, as British troops aided in the liberation of Portugal from French occupation.
The Restoration War and the Treaty of 1661: This treaty reinforced the alliance, with England pledging military support to help Portugal maintain its independence from Spain. It also included a marriage alliance between King Charles II of England and Princess Catherine of Braganza of Portugal, further strengthening diplomatic ties.
The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815): During these wars, the alliance proved its resilience. The British played a crucial role in defending Portugal from French invasion, particularly during the Peninsular War. The Portuguese population’s appreciation for British support during this period is a key reason for the alliance’s lasting significance in Portugal.
World War I and World War II: In both global conflicts, Portugal and Britain stood side by side. During WWII, despite Portugal’s official neutrality, the alliance led to significant cooperation, particularly in intelligence and logistics. The Azores’ strategic location became a pivotal point for Allied operations in the Atlantic.
Cultural and Diplomatic Ties
Beyond military and strategic interests, the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance has fostered cultural exchange and mutual influence. The presence of English communities in Portugal, particularly in the Algarve region, and the growing interest in Portuguese culture in the UK are testaments to these deep-rooted ties.
Conclusion
The average Portuguese person is acutely aware of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, as it holds significant historical and cultural importance. This awareness is nurtured through education, national identity, and the shared experiences of historical events that have shaped Portugal’s journey as an independent nation.
In contrast, the average British person may be less aware of this alliance due to a broader focus on the UK’s numerous other historical and contemporary alliances. The UK’s global role and its extensive network of international relations can sometimes overshadow individual alliances like the one with Portugal.
For Portugal, the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance represents a cornerstone of its historical sovereignty and international relations. It signifies the support and cooperation that helped shape its national identity. For the British government, while still valued, the alliance with Portugal is one among many, and not necessarily the most strategically pivotal in contemporary global affairs.
The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance endures as a symbol of enduring friendship and mutual respect, a testament to the power of alliances that transcend time and geopolitical shifts. It reminds us that in an ever-changing world, some bonds remain steadfast, rooted in history and shared values.
